Biology

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, encompassing genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. Conservation efforts aim to preserve and sustainably manage this richness, recognizing its intrinsic value and importance for human well-being. Strategies include protected areas, habitat restoration, species reintroduction, and sustainable resource use, promoting ecological resilience and harmony between humans and nature.

Plant growth and development encompass coordinated processes leading from seed germination to maturity. Growth involves cell division, elongation, and differentiation, influenced by environmental factors like light, water, and nutrients. Hormones such as auxins and cytokinins regulate growth patterns. Development includes morphological changes like leaf formation, flowering, and fruiting, ensuring reproductive success and adaptation to the environment.

Digestion breaks down ingested food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. It begins in the mouth with mechanical and chemical breakdown, continues in the stomach with further digestion, and completes in the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. Absorption occurs through the intestinal lining via active transport, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion, providing the body with essential nutrients for energy and growth.

Biotechnology harnesses biological systems and processes for practical applications. It spans various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and industry. Applications include genetic engineering for crop improvement, pharmaceutical production using genetically modified organisms, and medical treatments like gene therapy. Biotechnology revolutionizes sectors by offering innovative solutions for healthcare, food security, and environmental sustainability.

Mineral nutrition is vital for plant growth and development. Essential minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and others are absorbed from soil or water. These minerals serve diverse functions, from building cell structures to catalyzing biochemical reactions. Imbalances can impair growth, but proper management enhances plant health and yield.

Animals showcase diverse structural organization, from simple to complex. Single-celled organisms like amoebas exhibit minimal differentiation, while multicellular species display specialized tissues, organs, and organ systems. These intricate structures, adapted for specific functions, facilitate locomotion, digestion, respiration, circulation, and sensory perception, enabling animals to thrive in various environments.

Cells, the fundamental units of life, exhibit remarkable complexity. Encased in membranes, they house genetic material and organelles, orchestrating vital functions. From unicellular organisms to multicellular beings, cells proliferate, differentiate, and specialize. Their intricate machinery enables metabolism, growth, and reproduction, embodying the essence of life's dynamic processes and evolutionary potential

Biomolecules are essential compounds in living organisms, classified into carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates provide energy, lipids store energy and form membranes, proteins perform various functions, and nucleic acids store genetic information. Understanding their structures and functions is crucial for comprehending life processes.

Test Bank for General biology by Benato A. Dela Pena JR, Daniel E. Gracilla, Christian R. Pangilina